Mahatma Gandhi-An Inspiring Leader-

Question: How Ahmed is influenced by the leader Gandhi. Ahmed is working as a professor or dean and how Gandhi did change his life. Answer: Introduction Mahatma Gandhi led the Indian independence movement with his nonviolence principles and protests. Gandhi used polite words to encourage people to act non-violently during protests against the British government. Throughout his life, Gandhi demonstrated various qualities of a good leader; many leaders implemented these traits into their own leadership style. Other than movements led by him in South Africa and India, many political leaders have used his principle while leading their own independence movements, such as Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr. This report will analyze the life, achievements, and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi and evaluate them to understand his leadership style. The report will focus on examine and understanding the characteristics of Mahatma Gandhis leadership style. Further, the report will include an interview with Mr. Mohammad to understand his views on Gandhis leadership style. A reflection of the interview will also be included in the report. Mahatma Gandhis Life, achievements, and Legacy Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi or commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian lawyer and leader of Indias independence movement. He was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar which is a small city in Gujarat, India (Radhakrishnan, 2015. During his childhood, he was influenced by the stories of King Harish Chandra, an honest leader, who never lied to his followers. Gandhi admitted in his biography that King Harish Chandra had a significant impact on his life that reflected in his leadership as well. Gandhi wanted to study medicine, but his father forced him to study law instead (Hardiman, 2003). After his marriage and completion of high school, Gandhi went to England in September 1988 for further studies. He completed his studies in 1891 and returned back to India to start independent advocacy in Rajkot, Gujarat (Iyer, 2000). South Africa In the year 1893, a Muslim firm offered Gandhi to represent them in Pretoria, South Africa; Gandhi accepted the offer and went to South Africa (Ackerman DuVall, 2000). There he faced several incidents of racial discrimination, for example, he was thrown out of the first class section of a train due to his colour and asked to remove his turban in public area (Khoshoo, 2002). These incidents made him realized about the racial discrimination in Africa, and he decided to end such social prejudice. Gandhi was a spiritual man throughout his whole life; the circumstances in South Africa changed his point of view towards life, and he decided to help other people rather than continuing his advocacy (Shridharani, 2016). Gandhi decided to buy a farm in Natal and started living a simple life (Saravanamuthu, 2006). Gandhi developed the concept of Satyagraha during this period which is a method of protesting by nonviolence and disobedience (Johnson, 2005). He lived in South Africa for next 20 years and kept working to end social discrimination against Indians and lower class communities. He became more spiritual while living in Africa; he performed his daily chores along with people of low caste communities. He decided to become celibate to bring spiritual purity in his life. During this period, he developed the concept of Satyagraha. His movement against racial discrimination kept him in South Africa for 20 years (Prasad, 2015). Gandhi joined other Indians living in Pretoria, and together they started protesting against social discrimination laws (Parel, 2009). Disobedience and Nonviolence Protests After returning to India, Gandhi called a strike against the Rowlatt Acts of 1919, which allowed police to capture Indians without a jury. The protest was cancelled after the Amritsar Massacre; Gandhi responded by initiating a non-cooperation strike against British school, stores, and courts. He encouraged Indians to wear their own handmade clothes and boycott British products (Dalton, 2012). He also marched across the country to make people join in his nonviolence campaign against British government; the Dandi March was one of his most popular protests, it was against the tax levied by the British government on salt (Gregg, 2013). In 1947, Lord Mountbatten arrived in India to take British government back to England. On 15th August 1947, India celebrated its independence, but Gandhi did not join the celebration because he was upset due to India and Pakistan separation. He started fasting to end killing in Calcutta, and after the promises of both Hindu and Muslim leaders that no more killings will take place, he ended his fast. On January 30, 1948, while Gandhi was attending his prayers, 35 years old Nathuram Godse, editor of an extremist newspaper shot and killed him. Achievements The Satyagraha campaign in South Africa led to the implementation of Indian Relief Act 1914 which provided various rights to Indians living in Africa. The act helped in removal 3 tax levied on the Indians; it validated the customary marriages and recognised them by the law. Also the law also gave Indians right to move freely into the Transvaal. Most of the people in Africa were influenced by the leadership style of Gandhi, and even today most of them follow his principles (Steger, 2000). The first battle of civil disobedience won by Gandhi was in Champaran where British government was forcing farmers to grow indigo crops and sell them to the government at significantly low prices. In 1921, the Congress party which included various Indian nationalist leaders supported the nonviolent disobedience campaign which was a large success because it increased the number of people in independent movement (Chakrabarty, 2006). The Dandi March was a significant success because it popularised Gandhi and his principles across India, and after that, a large number of people started joining nonviolent movements. The protests and marches initiated by Gandhi bring Indians together against the British government. The boycott of British products decreased the revenue of government and also helped to end other discriminatory laws such as tax on salt and Rowlatt Act. The struggles of Gandhi assisted win in independence movement, and to end the British rule on India. Influence of Gandhi Gandhi taught the lessons of nonviolence to his followers and showed them the power of truth and nonviolence. Gandhis principles attracted a large number of people to join his movement to free India from British rule. The principles of Gandhi not only influenced many global leaders, but the same was also reflected in their leadership styles (Nanda, 2017). For example, Nelson Mandela was considered as the Gandhi of South Africa, and he incorporated his principles during his own protests. Mandela called Gandhi his role model and political guru and the first thing he decided after his 27 years of imprisonment was to visit India. At the Gandhi memorial, Mandala stated that Mahatma Gandhi continues to be a significant and integral part of our history (Hasan, 2013). According to Mandala, his character included charismatic firmness which was focused on the pursuit of justice; he developed the method of Satyagraha as a philosophy to struggle against the wrong in society. Mandala was most influenced by the fact that Gandhi never ruled in his life and he used nonviolence methods to accomplish great results. The principles of Gandhi had also influenced the leadership style of Martin Luther King Jr.; he visited India for a month where he learned about the nonviolence struggle of justice lead by Mahatma Gandhi (Rao, 2013). Both African and Indian shared common values since both have faced racial discrimination from white people. King was impressed by the principles of Gandhi and during his civil right speech he used soul force which was influenced by the Satyagraha movement created by Gandhi. The principles of Gandhi had a significant impact over other famous individuals and leaders including Barak Obama, Aung San Suu Kyi, HH Dalai Lama, John Lennon, Albert Einstein, Steve Jobs and Will Durant (Malhotra, 2015). The nonviolence protests ended the British rule in India, and it improved lives of many Indian citizens. Even after his death, Gandhis moral values continued to be alive in peoples minds. His principles have a significant impact on the world and many people implement his theories in their lives (Wolpert Wolpert, 2002). Mahatma Gandhis Leadership Style Leadership is defined as a procedure of influencing or motivating other people to act towards achieving a common objective. In other words, leadership is a relationship between leaders and followers based on influencing and bringing real changes for the achievement of shared purposes. Kirkpatick Locke (1991) provided specific traits that a leader needed to possess in order to become effective and motivate a large number of followers. The main traits of leadership include motivation, drive, self-confidence, honesty and integrity, knowledge of the business and cognitive ability. By implementing these traits in their leadership styles, leaders can establish a clear vision and implement effective plan to pursue their goals. Mahatma Gandhi was not a born leader; he adopted leadership traits because of the incidents and struggles he faced throughout his life (Jamaludin, Rahman, Makhbul Idris, 2011). Gandhi strongly believed in certain values including nonviolence, trust, justice, unity, equality, and honesty. While taking difficult leadership decisions, Gandhi used his values and personality to ensure that his decisions were right and ethical. He demonstrated several distinct leadership styles which include charismatic, transformational, and situational (De Vries, Bakker-Pieper Oostenveld, 2010). The charismatic leadership style emerged during the situations of crisis; the charismatic leaders are driven by their commitment towards a specific cause. In case of Gandhi, he had faced many difficulties throughout his lifetime, more specifically racial discrimination in Africa and Indias independence movement (Bligh Robinson, 2010). While visiting South Africa, Gandhi did not have the intention to protest against the racial discrimination, but the train incident made him realized the torture and unfairness faced by Indians and lower castes in Africa (Chua, 2017). Gandhi acted on his morals and started leading the protests; it showed that he was a situational leader. Situational leadership refers to when manager or leader adjust or change his style to appropriately fit the development level of his followers. A situational leader takes decisions as per the requirement of different situation; his personality and moral values enable him to take ethical actions in conflicting situation s. Indias independence crisis allowed Gandhi to show his leadership style and he helped millions of people (Rao, 2013). The leadership actions of Gandhi were extremely unconventional because he used truth, peaceful actions and nonviolence to lead protests against the British government. As provided by Kirkpatick Locke (1991), Gandhis method of protesting continues to be a good example of effective leadership because it included various traits such as honesty, integrity, self-confidence, and motivation. Like a good leader, Gandhi motivated his followers to implement honesty and integrity into their actions against the British government (Reilly Karounos, 2009). Gandhi was also driven towards his goals; he continuously fasted for twenty-one days in order to protest against the British government. The principles of King Harish Chandra learned by Gandhi in his childhood guided him while leading millions of Indians to freedom (Kaushik, 2017). Another quality of a successful leader includes self-sacrifice in order to achieve greater cause; Gandhi had made many sacrifices for protection of the rights of ot hers including lower caste communities (Lee, Berger, Awad, Brandt, Martinez, Brunicardi, 2008). For example, he stopped wearing western clothes and started wearing handmade Khadi cloths that he made himself. He also fasted for multiple days to protect the right of others. As per Goleman (2000), other than self-sacrifice, a good leader must be self-aware, emotionally intelligent, and socially knowledgeable. Gandhi possessed these qualities, and he demonstrated them throughout his lifetime, for example, he implemented his principles in his own life before asking others to follow them. According to Low (2010), a good leader understands his follower's requirements and assign them work as per their strengths and weaknesses, only a leader with self-awareness is able to effectively measure other people shortcomings and strengths. Hope is the willpower that people require to accomplish their goals; Gandhi was a hopeful person. He had the capacity to accept the reality, and he imagined a path for his followers to a better future. For instance, during his protest against Rowlatt Acts of 1919, Amritsar massacre happened, and he quickly decided to cancel the protest for the safety of people and started another protest of disobedience and boycott (Toor Ofori, 2008). He accepted his failure in the first attempt and learned from his mistakes; after that, he implemented such theories in future plans. While conducting his study on leadership, Collins (2001) researched 1,435 companies and selected 11 corporations from them which had shifted from good to great with the help of level 5 abilities of their leaders. A level 5 leadership style is a key aspect for the succes of an organization; the level 5 leadership style defines the traits of a leader which are necessary to achieve success in business operations. The level 5 leaders must have humility, and they must not be focused on self-interest. These leaders are the first one to accept blame for their own mistakes; Collins (2001) stated that often these leaders are shy, but they take decisions which other consider as risky. These traits were included in Mahatma Gandhis leadership style; he had strong will to work for others welfare. Taylor (2015) provided that Gandhi was shy from the beginning, but he took decisions which other people considered risky, for example he decided to fast till death and walked 240 miles motivate his followers. Whether transforming an organisation or leading independence movement, skills of transformation are necessary for leaders (Pyne, 2015). Kotter (1995) provided eight necessary steps which are necessary to be followed by a leader to effectively transform an organisation. These steps include a sense of urgency, powerful guidance, creating a vision, communication of vision, empowering others to act, planning and achieving small wins, consolidating improvements and initiating new approaches (Moore, 2011). These steps were included in the leadership style of Gandhi when he transformed the Indian independence movement into a national revolution. A transformational leadership require thorough knowledge of the subject; the leader assesses the change required and formulates plans as per such requirements. Gandhi told people regarding basic human rights and how the British government used illegal regulations to violet such rights (Malos, 2012). He created a sense of urgency in Indians that motivated them to join the independence movement. He established a clear vision of free India and communicated it with other Indians, and encouraged them to act on such vision non-violently (Marques, 2013). He planed and achieved small wins to motivate Indians such as boycott of British products. Gandhi was focused on combining Hindu and Muslims in Indian movement against the British government and he initiated new methods to accomplish his goals such as Dandi march, Satyagraha, disobedience and nonviolence protests (Sharma Jain, 2013). Gandhi was a situational leader, and his sacrifices and effective leadership style proved to be the spark which allowed millions of Indians to join the independence movement and ended British rule in India (Shepard, 2012). Interview Transcript Regarding Gandhis Leadership Style Following is an interview with Mr. Mohammad who is a dean in the Al Falah University. Interviewer: Hello sir, Good morning. How are you today? Mr. Mohammad: Good morning to you. I am fine. Thank you. Interviewer: Sir, I am currently making a report on Mahatma Gandhis leadership style, and I want your views on how it has influenced your leadership style. Would you be kind enough to provide your views on this topic based on your experiences? Mr. Mohammad: Yes, please. Mahatma Gandhi was a revolutionary who had a significant contribution in Indian independence movement. The initiative took by him such as disobedience, nonviolence protest, Satyagraha and Dandi march motivated a large number of Indians to join the independence movement and they protested against cruel regulations of the British government. I myself use many of his principles in my daily life to ensure proper management of my university. For example, while working with teachers and other staffs, I always maintain humility and accept my mistakes, it increased their trust in me, and they also respect my decisions. I follow and implement moral values in my life before motivating others to follow them in their lives. I forgive students for their small mistakes and teach them the importance of nonviolence. The university strictly prohibits bullying and discrimination on the campus. Interviewer: Sir what traits of Gandhi do you apply in your leadership style? Mr. Mohammad: Firstly I maintain a high level of honesty and integrity in organizations operations; each member is encouraged to tell the truth because it increases trust between individuals. I am also highly driven and motivated to achieve my objectives, and I encourage my colleagues to do the same. Gandhis peaceful nature had a positive influence on me and I try to implement it in my behavior. I am self-confidence and self-aware, and I do not blame others for my mistakes. I also maintain equality throughout the university and avoid any racial or gender discrimination between students and teachers. Gandhi was a situational leader, and in difficult situations, I try to make decisions based on his principles. Interviewer: Sir, how do you use Gandhis leadership style while teaching others regarding his principles? Mr. Mohammad: Instead of forcing others to follow the principles, I encourage them to research and understand the values given by Gandhi. We have shown documentary of Mahatma Gandhi to each class, along with teachers, and then asked students to write their personal views in a report on principles of Gandhi, which made them aware about Gandhis principles, and many students started to follow them in their lives as well. Interviewer: Sir what are your views on other leaders who were influenced by the principles of Gandhi? Mr. Mohammad: Yes, many popular leaders have implemented principles of Gandhi while leading their own movement and it is a good thing too because it promotes a culture of nonviolence and ethics in organisations. Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr. are obvious examples, both of these leaders were influenced by the nonviolence movement led by Gandhi, and they had implemented such principles during their own protests. But there are many other leaders as well which had successfully incorporated Mahatma Gandhis principles, for example, Steve Jobs was inspired by Gandhis principles; he decided Think Different as the slogan for Apple which is inspired by the quote of Gandhi - be the change you want in the world. Interviewer: Sir, how do you think modern organizations can implement Gandhis leadership style? Mr. Mohammad: I believe that implementing Gandhis leadership style can benefit corporations as well as society. The popularity of Corporate Social Responsibilities and new regulations regarding corporate disclosures are influence by principles such as honesty and integrity of the companies. These policies ensure that corporation is performing its duties with honesty and integrity, and its strategies are focused on maximising stakeholders value. The disclosures made by the companies provide evidence that corporations have a clear vision, and they are dedicated to work with high level of efficiency. Theses priciples assists in the development of society and sustainable growth of corporations. Interviewer: Sir how do you implement principles of Gandhi in your personal life? Mr. Mohammad: I have implemented various lessons of Gandhi in my life. For example, every morning I meditate and clear my head before going to the office; and I also do fasting regularly. I speak politely while talking to others and did not get frustrated or angry at their behaviour. While taking leadership decision in University, I respect low-level staff and ensure that university policies are fulfilling their interest. I stand for their right during the board of directors meetings and ensure that no discrimination or injustice is happening in the campus. Interviewer: Any final remarks Sir? Mr. Mohammad: Mahatma Gandhi was a revolutionary who led Indian independence movement through nonviolence actions. I believe everyone can implement his principle in their lives and remove social inequalities from the society. Lessons from the Interview Mr. Mohammad respects the principles of Gandhis leadership style and incorporates them in his personal and professional life. While dealing with students and teachers, he uses leadership traits of Gandhi such as honesty, integrity, non-violence, self-awareness, and humility. He maintains a positive environment in his university by restricting bullying and inequality. Mr. Mohammad has become a humble and trustworthy leader because he properly implements principles provided by Gandhi while taking leadership decision. As a leader, Mr. Mohammad also encourages his colleagues and students to learn regarding the principles provided by Gandhi, and he also initiate various programs to promote and teach students regarding the principles of Gandhi. Mr. Mohammads is deeply influenced by nonviolent movements started by Gandhi such as Dandi march, Satyagraha, and disobedience. As a leader, he ensures that university campus remains free from inequalities and bullying so that students can study without any disturbance. Instead, of forcing his views on students and his colleagues as a strict leader, Mr. Mohammad asks them to provide their personal views and opinions regardin specific situations. Just like Gandhi, Mr. Mohammad fast and meditate to clear his head and think clearly to take effective leadership decision and he also take appropriate actions regarding the rights of lower staff. A good leader always ensures that everyone in the organisation is treated equally and proper strategies are implemented by the management to fulfill their demands. Mr. Mohammad assesses the requirements of lower level staff and communicates such demands with the board of directors. Mr. Mohammad non-violently take actions for the rights of lower level staff members and ensure that proper actions are taken by the directors to morally fulfil such demands. According to him, organizations can benefit from the leadership style of Gandhi, and they can accomplish their corporate responsibilities while doing the same. Mr. Mohammad believes that principles provided by Mahatma Gandhi can assist in positive development of individuals, corporations, and society. Conclusion From the above observations, it can be concluded that Mahatma Gandhi was an inspiring leader who led the Indian independence movement with nonviolent principles. Gandhis actions encouraged many other political leaders to start their own movements for independence and to end racial discrimination. Even today his principles have a significant impact on the world. Gandhi had a unique leadership style incorporated many traits such as honesty, integrity, trust, self-awareness, humility, and others. 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