Importance Of Human Resources In The Hospitaliy Industry Tourism Essay

Importance Of Human Resources In The Hospitaliy Industry Tourism Essay In order to gain competitive power for the hotel, human resource management is an elementary issue. Human resource management can be regarded as the foundation for the hotel to acquire competitive advantage. Honoring the employees through effective communication, training programs for the employees and benefit programs is what effective hospitality management is all about. Human resource management and effective hospitality management is the corner stone of successful business in hospitality industry. The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. In todays quality-driven, empowered, hospitality workplace, practices that encourage greater employee performance must become integrated into the way a hotel, restaurant, resort, or any other form of hospitality service organization does business. Getting it right the first time (one of the sacred tenets of total quality management) can only be achieved in the hospitality industry through a motivated, empowered, and trained team. At times guest problems are not foreseen; therefore, employees have to feel empowered to correct a problem on the spot. In a service business, you cant have a rigid set of rules. It is possible to have guidelines, but people must be allowed the freedom to make different interpretations. A mature, well-trained hospitality team is capable of making better quality decisions than a single individual. The use of a team approach improves the overall quality of decision making, and the level of commitment to the team becomes much higher. When team members share the process of problem solving and decision making, they are more likely to become owners of the organizations plans, and to do everything possible to transform the plans into reality. Collective wisdom is virtually always superior to individual wisdom. what are the staffing issues for hotels ? i m writing u the case study which is have it. please give me a solution about staffing issues. The Courthouse Hotel is a large, privately owned establishment located in the centre of a large city. Once the major hotel in the city, it has in recent years struggled to maintain profit margins in the face of competition from three new hotels operated by well-known national and international chains. The Courthouse maintains a three-star standard of service, competing primarily on the basis of cost. Its prices are therefore kept considerably lower than those charged in the newer hotels, while the range and quality of food and accommodation are also of a lower standard. The hotel has 150 bedrooms, a bar, a carvery style restaurant, and a function room which is used for private dinners and business meetings. There are no large-scale banqueting facilities, no porters and no room service. While there are one or two part-time members of staff, 95% are employed on full-time permanent contracts. With the exception of a few senior managers, administrators and night workers, the staff work either early or late shifts (ie 6.30-3.30 or 3.00-11.00). Because the vast majority of the hotels guests are business people staying on week-nights, staff are required to work only one weekend in every four. Three months ago a well-known businessman purchased the hotel with a number of interests in the city. He has decided to change the business strategy by moving the hotel up-market to a four star standard and offering a wider range of services. A major refurbishment is planned, together with the opening of a new banqueting suite, an à   la carte restaurant, a leisure club, a full portering service and extensive lounge / room service operation. In staffing terms there is a need to improve the interpersonal skills of staff and to raise general standards of customer service by a substantial margin. The rationale for these developments is the impending opening of a new convention center a short walk away from the hotel. From January next year it is expected that the volume of trade will increase by 60 per cent, provided the Courthouse can raise its standards to those expected of a wealthier and more international clientele. The problem, from a people management perspective, is the likely erratic nature of business patterns once the convention centre opens. Periods of several weeks will go by with relatively little occurring in the centre, punctuated by shorter periods of frenetic activity when major conferences, exhibitions, concerts and sporting events take place. A more specific opportunity presents itself next summer, when as part of a bid to publicise the citys new convention centre, the government has announced that it will be hosting a major intergovernmental conference in the city. For the duration of this event each hotel will house a particular delegation, with the Courthouse being allocated to the Germans. This means that the entire hotel will be taken over by the German Chancellor, other senior German politicians, advisers, civil servants and 75 accredited journalists for a week next summer. During that period there will be a heavy security operation in the hotel. It will also have to host several press conferences and a series of breakfast meetings at which the Chancellor will meet other world leaders. In addition, it will have to maintain a far higher standard of cuisine and service than it is accustomed to providing. If successful, a large amount of positive publicity can be guaranteed. If, on the other hand, the hotel conspicuous ly fails to provide the standard of service expected by a Government delegation, the ensuing negative publicity way will undermine the whole refurbishment strategy planned by the new owner. One of the most important departments of any hotel staff is human resources management. Proper human resources management can be the difference between a really well run hotel and a poorly one hotel. The human resources manager can control almost the whole feeling and presence of the entire hotel. This makes the importance of human resources management for hotels very evident. There are several different areas in which human resources management is very important. One of these areas is for newly hired employees. The employees that are hired in a hotel can really alter the quality of service and the whole atmosphere of the hotel. This means that it is very important to pick upbeat, dedicated workers for each position. It is the job of the human resources manager to make sure that good people are chosen to work in the hotel. In many cases many hotel workers are only participating in hotel work because they can find nothing else to do. Not very many people have a dream of running or serving in a hotel environment. However, there are some people who do want to work in that capacity, and it is the job of the human resources manager to find those people. Retention of employees is another large problem in the hotel service business. Since so many of the employees do not have hotel work as their ending career goals, many of them only work in a hotel for a short amount of time. Other employees may have to be let go because of poor work ethics or other issues. However, there are ways that a hotel human resources manager can curb some of the desire and likelihood that employees will move to other jobs quickly. The importance of human resources management for hotels is very large in this area. Managers can provide good training and incentive programs that will cause employees to stay longer at the hotel. Having a clear progression plan to advance to higher levels of service will also cause employees to stick around much longer. The issue of employee progression and promotion is also another large issue for the hotel industry. The importance of human resources management for hotels is proven in this area. Hotels which provide ways for employees to advance in position, or that provide training for employees so that they can gain skills necessary for an advanced position are very important to the retention rate of employees. It is easy to implement services of this nature and the expense is negligible compared to the expense and time necessary to constantly find new employees to replace the ones that always leave shortly after being hired. One of the easiest things to implement is English lessons. Many hotel employees do not speak English very well, and so it is a great incentive for them to stay working at a hotel if they are offered English lessons. The importance of human resources management for hotels is also important in the area of employee services. If the employees know they can come to the human resources manager whenever they have a problem or issue then it is easier for them to work in good conscience. Many human resources departments implement different games and activities to make the work environment more interesting and fun for employees. There are many different services that a human resources manager can think of to help employee morale. Maybe the hotel could implement a babysitting service, or have a park day every year. These little services go a long way towards making happy employees. Happy employees make happy companies and happy customers. As you can see, the importance of human resources management for hotels is very great. There are thousands of ways that a human resources manager can make a hotel run more smoothly and more efficiently. There are many different areas that can benefit from the experience and guidance of a human resources manager. Therefore it is very important to not undermine the managers importance. Without the human resources manager a hotel is not the same or as pleasing to customers and employees. A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION The project work entitled a STUDY ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION with special reference to Hyderabad Industries Ltd; Thrissur is mainly conducted to identify the factors which will motivate the employees and the organizational functions in Hyderabad Industries Ltd, Thrissur. Managements basic job is the effective utilization of human resources for achievements of organizational objectives. The personnel management is concerned with organizing human resources in such a way to get maximum output to the enterprise and to develop the talent of people at work to the fullest satisfaction. Motivation implies that one person, in organization context a manager, includes another, say an employee, to engage in action by ensuring that a channel to satisfy those needs and aspirations becomes available to the person. In addition to this, the strong needs in a direction that is satisfying to the latent needs in employees and harness them in a manner that would be functional for the organization. Employee m otivation is one of the major issues faced by every organization. It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinates or to create the will to work among the subordinates. It should also be remembered that a worker may be immensely capable of doing some work; nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work. A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Hence this studies also focusing on the employee motivation among the employees of Hyderabad Industries Ltd. The data needed for the study has been collected from the employees through questionnaires and through direct interviews. Analysis and interpretation has been done by using the statistical tools and datas are presented through tables and charts. 2. What is a Motivation? Robbins and Judge (2007) explain that motivation is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (Robbins and Judge, 2007 p.186). However, this process has to be worked between the managers or supervisor of the business and its employees as the manager or supervisor is in charge of studying methods of encouraging employees to work hard and efficiently on a constant basis (Cited on: Guerrier, 1999 p. 100). In addition, many motivation theories were developed during the 1950s; such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Theories X and Y and the two factor theory    but those would not be examined here as their validity has been questionable (Cited on: Robbins and Judge, 2007 p.186). On the other hand, the Expectancy theory will be carefully studied in order to understand why managers should focus more on providing to its employees reasons for putting effort into their work and therefore generate good work performance that could lead to rewards that are Employee motivation in the workplace The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees. To do this the manager should be able to motivate employees. But thats easier said than done! Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects, touching on several disciplines. In spite of enormous research, basic as well as applied, the subject of motivation is not clearly understood and more often than not poorly practiced. To understand motivation one must understand human nature itself. And there lies the problem! Human nature can be very simple, yet very complex too. An understanding and appreciation of this is a prerequisite to effective employee motivation in the workplace and therefore effective management and leadership. What Does it Mean to Lead? Leadership, as defined by most dictionaries, means to go before, or with, to show the way; to induce. Every organization needs a leader (and preferably several leaders) to show the way to others as the organization strives to define and achieve its goals. Whether these goals are entrepreneurial or humanitarian or both the leaders work is to instill a sense of purpose and passion to the work that the organization undertakes. Identifying, developing and sustaining leadership in your organization must be one of your strategic objectives. Without leaders at every level of your organization, your organization may well under-perform. It may miss strategic opportunities, stifle innovation, underutilize your employees, and fall short of its goals in customer service, quality, productivity, and profitability. Russell Consulting, Inc. can guide your organization in identifying and developing your leaders. We can help you develop the key competencies that will help develop and sustain leadership, but also sustain your companys long-term success. Leadership at every level make all of the difference as to whether your company will be around for the long haul. Invest in leadership today to sustain your success for tomorrow and beyond. The Core Competencies of Leadership RCI has been developing leaders in its client organizations since 1987. We have designed and developed leadership programs that help define an ambitious role for leaders at every level and then build the competencies to fulfill this role. Some of the competencies that we have defined as core to the role of leaders include: Strategic Thinking Coaching Problem Solving Decision Making Systems Thinking Delegation Performance Management and Accountability Inspiring a Shared Vision Managing Conflict Building and Sustaining Teamwork Leading Change Quality and Productivity Improvement Servant Leadership Emotional Intelligence Innovation and Creativity Customer Service Employee Development Develop Trust Dealing with Ambiguity See the link at the upper right of this page for a possible leadership curriculum. Defining and Assessing Leadership Competencies We can help your organization define what it seeks to develop in its leaders and then design a customized leadership development program for you. Once we guide you in defining what leadership means in your company, we then conduct a 360 ° leadership assessment (of these core competencies) to provide a baseline measure of each leaders effectiveness. Click here for more information on our leadership 360: 360 ° Leadership Assessment and Development. Developing leadership at every level of your organization helps sustain your long-term success. When you work with us to develop your leadership, we help you grow your leadership at every level through customized training programs and guide your leaders in applying what they are learning to real issues and challenges facing your organization.

Western European Architecture

This paper is based on the architecture of Medieval Period from 500AC – 1400AD and its styles such as Byzantine, Early Christian, Romanesque and Gothic. Moreover, the paper also covers certain examples from South Florida and the famous buildings standing there. Although a lot of time has passed since the medieval times, we can still see some buildings that were built in the medieval times. Most of the houses that were built during this time were mostly those that belonged to the rich merchants. However, in most of the places the construction done earlier has been replaced as these buildings have been rebuilt and remodeled. The town houses that were built during this time were partially similar to their rural counterparts and they were basically designed due to the lack of space. This is because, previously, land especially in the towns was considered to be very important. The normal town plot in the medieval times was long and narrow and it ran back from the front of the street. Features of the medieval town houses The houses that were planned in the medieval times were basically rectangular in shape and they had a gable end or a wing that faced towards the street. The front part of the house that was on the ground floor was usually used for the purpose of doing trade or used to be used as a shop. Behind the shop, used to be a hall or the main living area and this was further extended to two more storeys and at the back of the house, used to be a counting house or an office along with stores and warehouses as well and an additional accommodation on the upper floor mainly above all the other rooms. The kitchen was separated from the main house and it was an isolated structure at the rear near the courtyard. The upper storey adjoined the street and it used to overhang the street and this gave more space to the upper story than the space at the ground floor, however there was a disadvantage of this as well because the overhanging of upper floors increased the risk of fire spreading. Halls, solars and privies Most of the houses were framed with timber and had wattle walls and the houses for the rich people were built with stone walls. The main element of the houses in the medieval times was the halls that were divided by screens that formed a passageway that led from the pantries and a kitchen area. The hall extended the full height of the building and the hall was used as a general living room by everyone who lived in the house. Privacy was very little and the family members needed a place to keep warm and for recreational purposes. In the hall, there used to be a blazing fire and its smoke used to escape through a hole that was present in the roof that was covered by louvre. The fireplaces and the chimneys were also one of the important features of the medieval times. The domestic chambers that were also known as solars and were used as sleeping rooms and it was located above the passage. At times, these were also fronted by a gallery that overlooked the hall. Even during the middle ages, the timber frames were being used extensively. There were no proper sanitation facilities in the medieval houses and the privies or garderobes were made in the thickness of the walls of larger town houses or as projecting jetties. Garderobes used to get discharged through pipes and gutters into a pit and the chamber pots were used in ordinary dwellings. Furniture and fittings Not much furniture was used in the houses by the people who lived in the medieval times. The only furniture that used to be present in the houses was a table that used to be covered with a linen cloth. Moreover, they had benches or forms, a chair, stools, chests, small cupboards, shelves housing cups, jugs, pewter, knives and spoons, bowls and plates. The people stored their food items in the small cupboards. The poor in the medieval times used palettes to sleep on. These were bags that were filled with dried ferns, rushes or heather, however the people who were well-off used wooden bedsteads to sleep on and it was very rare that the people possessed proper beds, curtains and hangings. Byzantine architecture This is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire and it emerged as a distinct artistic and cultural entity and today, it is referred as the Roman Empire after AD 330 and at this time the Roman Empire shifted its capital from Rome to Byzantium. This empire that continued for more than a hundred years influenced the Medieval and Renaissance era architecture in Europe but later in 1453, the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks led directly to the architecture of the Ottoman Empire. Early Christian Architecture This flourished from the third to the seventh century and it was produced for the unsplited Christian church. During the Late Antique period, Roman art and architecture extended in the late second till the seventh century and the Byzantine art and architecture existed from fifth till the seventh century. Christianity was made the state religion of the Roman Empire before the Edict of Milan. However, the art adopted by the Christians was restricted as they just used to decorate the hidden places of worship and most of this was derived from Roman art and was developed accordingly to suit the religion. The ideals of perfection used to get rejected by the artists, instead they used to draw images that reflected spiritual significance. In order to envisage the Christian concepts, an iconography was also formulated. In the beginning, the Christians only used to express their arts in terms of transmitting their faith and belief and not as a way of expressing beauty. Later onwards, in the fourth century, the early Christian architecture flourished under the imperial sponsorship. There used to be mainly two types of buildings. . The longitudinal hall – basilica 2. The centralized building – a baptistery or a mausoleum. The exteriors of Early Christian buildings were plain and unadorned; however on the contrary, the interiors were richly decorated and had marble floors and wall slabs, frescoes, mosaics, metal works, hangings, and sumptuous altar furnishings in gold and silver. Early Christian illuminated manuscripts are of an unusually high quality, however nowadays such kin d of architecture is rarely seen. Romanesque architecture This term was used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which evolved into the Gothic style beginning in the 12th century and this terms means â€Å"descended from Roman† and was used to describe the style from the early 19th century, however there is no specific date that is there as a proof from which this type of architecture came into existence but it ranged from the sixth century till the 10 century. Since the Imperial Roman architecture, the Romanesque architecture is known as the first pan-European architectural style, moreover this style in England is usually named as Norman architecture. The Romanesque architecture basically is a combination of the features found in the Western Roman and Byzantine buildings, furthermore it used to have substantial quality with thick walls and round arches along with sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. The Gothic building followed the Romanesque architecture but comparing the two, the buildings of the Romanesque architecture had clearly defined forms and they were regular based on a symmetrical plan. The overall appearance of the buildings was simple and could clearly be identified all over Europe although the material and the characteristics in different parts of Europe were different and a lot of castles have been reported to be built during this period. Gothic Architecture It is already mentioned in the previous section that the Gothic architecture followed the Romanesque architecture. This flourished mainly during the late medieval period and was succeeded by the Renaissance architecture. Gothic architecture originated in the twelfth century and lasted till the sixteenth century and during this period the Gothic architecture was known as the French style. The main characters of Gothic architecture include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Most of the people are able to recognize the Gothic architecture. This is because most of the great cathedrals, abbeys and parish churches of Europe are built using the features of this. It also has many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities, however the private dwellings were not much extensively built. The Gothic architecture was expressed most powerfully in the churches and cathedrals and some of the civic buildings as well and its characteristics normally expressed the emotions. Many religious buildings were built during this period and the smallest buildings are often differentiated from the other architectural designs. However, the larger churches are considered invaluable works of art. These buildings are also listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. The Gothic revivals began in the mid-18th century starting from England and it spread through 19th-century in Europe that continued till the 20th century and this was largely based on the religious building and the universities.

A history of violence

â€Å"A history of violence† is a film which presents a world of â€Å"monsters† that has a presence which is not felt until the â€Å"monsters† emerge into action. The film focuses on the necessity of violence and the manner in which it destroys and in the same time saves humanity. The whole film concentrates on the double identity of the world. It is the classic theme: a fight between good and evil.The question which Cronenberg’s film raised is whether or not â€Å"the violent instinct is necessarily an evil† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Violence_(film)). The main character from â€Å"A history of violence†, Tom Stall (actor Viggo Mortensen), is a tender family man, very in love with his wife. He is attacked in his dinner by two perpetrators which he eventually kills.He becomes a hero but in the same time his hidden past is starting to reveal. It is revealed that Tom ran away from the instinct of violence but this instinct fro m which he ran, in the end saved his life. He knew how to respond to violence with violence. This is a message to a world in witch violence seems most present and emphasizes that in this kind of world nobody can survive without the instinct of violence. Thus the human nature becomes dual; it is divided between love and hate.It is a history of violence because the movie presents: the past of Tom Stall who used to work for the mob, his name was Joey Cusack, but gave up because he didn’t want to be on that side of the society, then the present witch presents Tom as a peaceful, family guy who now fights to solve his past issues in order to protect his dear family, and the future which is predicted by Tom’s teenage sun Jack who is aggressed by bullies at school and he always avoided fighting them., this meaning that violence will never cease to be a real mean of surviving.Tom is a character who didn’t enjoy killing, in spite of this he is forced to kill. Violence is needed in order to keep on living. He hides his past from his family. He struggles to hide his violent side. Significant are the words uttered by a stranger regarding Tom: â€Å"you are trying so hard to be this other guy, it’s painful to watch†.No matter how much Tom tries to hide the inhuman side it arises when it is needed. His power to fight with the perpetrators emerges from somewhere deep and apparently can not be controlled. It is a question whether or not human monsters are born or trained to be violent.It is clear that humans are built from two parts: the violent one and peaceful one. History demonstrated that the violent part was not at all absent. It is a constant interior struggle to balance violence and peace. It can never be one without the other. Peace was always obtained with the help of violence, and tranquility was broken by violence.Tom is a character who hides his past. He became a family man after he escaped from the mob. These facts made him in th e eyes of his community a man with double identity.The community came to know a side of Toms’ that they were never aware of. During the plot Tom mutates, he turns from good to bad and vice versa. People are able to change, a different character is born, and new personality traits are formed as people grow up. A person identity is important because it places a person into society. Tom is Joey, Joey is Tom, they are one and the same person, one is from the past and one is the present, those two persons have to coexist in the end, it can not be one without the other because both are part of the same person.There is something dark and mysterious in every one of us. There are hidden parts of the human personality that can get revealed and shock everybody.There are various interpretations of David Cronenberg’s movie. It is a depiction of the long history of violence and its inheritance from generation to generation. Violence was and is used as a tool for settling disputes, i t’s a â€Å"Darwinian evolution† in which stronger organism replace the weaker once. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Violence_ (film)).BIBLIOGRAPHY:International Movie Database http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0399146/usercommentsWikipedia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The United Nations An International Organization

Throughout history, there has always been conflict over several issues; these issues range from land to faith to faith to government and so on. Nonetheless, eventually humans have been able to overcome some of these conflicts in some parts of the world and have been successfully on one or another way. The use of weapon and military techniques through these wars have been one of the first weapons to be use against the enemy. In addition to this, there has always been laws in place to protect others and to maintain a certain regime when it comes to conflict so the world does not go back to the way it was in about a thousand years. The United Nations is an international organization to help the globe to eventually obtain a security council to†¦show more content†¦The League of Nations was created under Woodrow Wilson, a president of the United States of America; however the League of Nations failed because the main powers at the time did not joint; such countries like the Unite d States of America and the Soviet Union. In addition to this, a lot could not have been done because the main country that made up the League of Nations did not join and this type of collective security to this day is considered a complete failure. In fact, â€Å"Many continued to believe that Wilson s ideals remained a body of profound political wisdom that could still light the true path for humankind, despite the undeniable failure of the League of Nations and the onset once more of bloody global war.† Despite the fact that Wilson had envision the League of Nations as quite a powerful organization that would help the world become a better and safer. These wars would have destroy the economy of other nations and the ability to have collective security. However, this vision was ended when the Senate rejected the League of Nations on March 19, 1920. Due to several factors that by joining the League of Nations will bring factors that were faced domestically and at broad. Not only this but the League of Nations also failed because of confrontation between France and the United Kingdom as well as the League of Nations was not universal. 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First, its primary goal is to maintain

Vitamin D - 1033 Words

Vitamin D is an important micronutrient that is involved in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorous, and helps establish strong bone health (1). Recent studies have shown promising results of supplementing vitamin D to pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Despite advances in medicine and health GDM is still prevalent among pregnant women, resulting in possible complications to pregnancy such as, fetal distress, preterm delivery, low birth weight, as well as risk of type 2 diabetes to the mother (1). Research links vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is also found in islet beta cells, to insulin secretion, thus possibly helping manage GDM (1). A recent study was conducted to further evaluate various doses of vitamin D and†¦show more content†¦The sample size was a bit small considering the general population of GDM, a more comprehensive population would range into the thousands, but this sample size was a good starting point for further research. Group one w as the control group and received the placebo, group two received a low dose of 200 IU of Vitamin D daily, group three received a medium dose of 50,000 IU of vitamin D within a month, and group four received a total of 10,000 IU within a month (1). Administration of vitamin D supplementation occurred between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy and continued until delivery, and a follow up examination occurred once a month (1). The research team also measured the participants’ dietary intake to ensure they had similar diets to ensure diets did not interfere with the results (1). Fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance, total cholesterol change, and triglyceride levels were all measured with commercial ELISA kits (1). The oral glucose tolerance test is used as the gold standard for measuring the efficiency in glucose metabolism (4). This current study chose to do A1c ELISA kits for efficiency as the oral glucose tolerance test takes several hours to complete (1). 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Rothaermel Case Matrix Essays - 1955 Words

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Mahatma Gandhi-An Inspiring Leader-

Question: How Ahmed is influenced by the leader Gandhi. Ahmed is working as a professor or dean and how Gandhi did change his life. Answer: Introduction Mahatma Gandhi led the Indian independence movement with his nonviolence principles and protests. Gandhi used polite words to encourage people to act non-violently during protests against the British government. Throughout his life, Gandhi demonstrated various qualities of a good leader; many leaders implemented these traits into their own leadership style. Other than movements led by him in South Africa and India, many political leaders have used his principle while leading their own independence movements, such as Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr. This report will analyze the life, achievements, and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi and evaluate them to understand his leadership style. The report will focus on examine and understanding the characteristics of Mahatma Gandhis leadership style. Further, the report will include an interview with Mr. Mohammad to understand his views on Gandhis leadership style. A reflection of the interview will also be included in the report. Mahatma Gandhis Life, achievements, and Legacy Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi or commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian lawyer and leader of Indias independence movement. He was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar which is a small city in Gujarat, India (Radhakrishnan, 2015. During his childhood, he was influenced by the stories of King Harish Chandra, an honest leader, who never lied to his followers. Gandhi admitted in his biography that King Harish Chandra had a significant impact on his life that reflected in his leadership as well. Gandhi wanted to study medicine, but his father forced him to study law instead (Hardiman, 2003). After his marriage and completion of high school, Gandhi went to England in September 1988 for further studies. He completed his studies in 1891 and returned back to India to start independent advocacy in Rajkot, Gujarat (Iyer, 2000). South Africa In the year 1893, a Muslim firm offered Gandhi to represent them in Pretoria, South Africa; Gandhi accepted the offer and went to South Africa (Ackerman DuVall, 2000). There he faced several incidents of racial discrimination, for example, he was thrown out of the first class section of a train due to his colour and asked to remove his turban in public area (Khoshoo, 2002). These incidents made him realized about the racial discrimination in Africa, and he decided to end such social prejudice. Gandhi was a spiritual man throughout his whole life; the circumstances in South Africa changed his point of view towards life, and he decided to help other people rather than continuing his advocacy (Shridharani, 2016). Gandhi decided to buy a farm in Natal and started living a simple life (Saravanamuthu, 2006). Gandhi developed the concept of Satyagraha during this period which is a method of protesting by nonviolence and disobedience (Johnson, 2005). He lived in South Africa for next 20 years and kept working to end social discrimination against Indians and lower class communities. He became more spiritual while living in Africa; he performed his daily chores along with people of low caste communities. He decided to become celibate to bring spiritual purity in his life. During this period, he developed the concept of Satyagraha. His movement against racial discrimination kept him in South Africa for 20 years (Prasad, 2015). Gandhi joined other Indians living in Pretoria, and together they started protesting against social discrimination laws (Parel, 2009). Disobedience and Nonviolence Protests After returning to India, Gandhi called a strike against the Rowlatt Acts of 1919, which allowed police to capture Indians without a jury. The protest was cancelled after the Amritsar Massacre; Gandhi responded by initiating a non-cooperation strike against British school, stores, and courts. He encouraged Indians to wear their own handmade clothes and boycott British products (Dalton, 2012). He also marched across the country to make people join in his nonviolence campaign against British government; the Dandi March was one of his most popular protests, it was against the tax levied by the British government on salt (Gregg, 2013). In 1947, Lord Mountbatten arrived in India to take British government back to England. On 15th August 1947, India celebrated its independence, but Gandhi did not join the celebration because he was upset due to India and Pakistan separation. He started fasting to end killing in Calcutta, and after the promises of both Hindu and Muslim leaders that no more killings will take place, he ended his fast. On January 30, 1948, while Gandhi was attending his prayers, 35 years old Nathuram Godse, editor of an extremist newspaper shot and killed him. Achievements The Satyagraha campaign in South Africa led to the implementation of Indian Relief Act 1914 which provided various rights to Indians living in Africa. The act helped in removal 3 tax levied on the Indians; it validated the customary marriages and recognised them by the law. Also the law also gave Indians right to move freely into the Transvaal. Most of the people in Africa were influenced by the leadership style of Gandhi, and even today most of them follow his principles (Steger, 2000). The first battle of civil disobedience won by Gandhi was in Champaran where British government was forcing farmers to grow indigo crops and sell them to the government at significantly low prices. In 1921, the Congress party which included various Indian nationalist leaders supported the nonviolent disobedience campaign which was a large success because it increased the number of people in independent movement (Chakrabarty, 2006). The Dandi March was a significant success because it popularised Gandhi and his principles across India, and after that, a large number of people started joining nonviolent movements. The protests and marches initiated by Gandhi bring Indians together against the British government. The boycott of British products decreased the revenue of government and also helped to end other discriminatory laws such as tax on salt and Rowlatt Act. The struggles of Gandhi assisted win in independence movement, and to end the British rule on India. Influence of Gandhi Gandhi taught the lessons of nonviolence to his followers and showed them the power of truth and nonviolence. Gandhis principles attracted a large number of people to join his movement to free India from British rule. The principles of Gandhi not only influenced many global leaders, but the same was also reflected in their leadership styles (Nanda, 2017). For example, Nelson Mandela was considered as the Gandhi of South Africa, and he incorporated his principles during his own protests. Mandela called Gandhi his role model and political guru and the first thing he decided after his 27 years of imprisonment was to visit India. At the Gandhi memorial, Mandala stated that Mahatma Gandhi continues to be a significant and integral part of our history (Hasan, 2013). According to Mandala, his character included charismatic firmness which was focused on the pursuit of justice; he developed the method of Satyagraha as a philosophy to struggle against the wrong in society. Mandala was most influenced by the fact that Gandhi never ruled in his life and he used nonviolence methods to accomplish great results. The principles of Gandhi had also influenced the leadership style of Martin Luther King Jr.; he visited India for a month where he learned about the nonviolence struggle of justice lead by Mahatma Gandhi (Rao, 2013). Both African and Indian shared common values since both have faced racial discrimination from white people. King was impressed by the principles of Gandhi and during his civil right speech he used soul force which was influenced by the Satyagraha movement created by Gandhi. The principles of Gandhi had a significant impact over other famous individuals and leaders including Barak Obama, Aung San Suu Kyi, HH Dalai Lama, John Lennon, Albert Einstein, Steve Jobs and Will Durant (Malhotra, 2015). The nonviolence protests ended the British rule in India, and it improved lives of many Indian citizens. Even after his death, Gandhis moral values continued to be alive in peoples minds. His principles have a significant impact on the world and many people implement his theories in their lives (Wolpert Wolpert, 2002). Mahatma Gandhis Leadership Style Leadership is defined as a procedure of influencing or motivating other people to act towards achieving a common objective. In other words, leadership is a relationship between leaders and followers based on influencing and bringing real changes for the achievement of shared purposes. Kirkpatick Locke (1991) provided specific traits that a leader needed to possess in order to become effective and motivate a large number of followers. The main traits of leadership include motivation, drive, self-confidence, honesty and integrity, knowledge of the business and cognitive ability. By implementing these traits in their leadership styles, leaders can establish a clear vision and implement effective plan to pursue their goals. Mahatma Gandhi was not a born leader; he adopted leadership traits because of the incidents and struggles he faced throughout his life (Jamaludin, Rahman, Makhbul Idris, 2011). Gandhi strongly believed in certain values including nonviolence, trust, justice, unity, equality, and honesty. While taking difficult leadership decisions, Gandhi used his values and personality to ensure that his decisions were right and ethical. He demonstrated several distinct leadership styles which include charismatic, transformational, and situational (De Vries, Bakker-Pieper Oostenveld, 2010). The charismatic leadership style emerged during the situations of crisis; the charismatic leaders are driven by their commitment towards a specific cause. In case of Gandhi, he had faced many difficulties throughout his lifetime, more specifically racial discrimination in Africa and Indias independence movement (Bligh Robinson, 2010). While visiting South Africa, Gandhi did not have the intention to protest against the racial discrimination, but the train incident made him realized the torture and unfairness faced by Indians and lower castes in Africa (Chua, 2017). Gandhi acted on his morals and started leading the protests; it showed that he was a situational leader. Situational leadership refers to when manager or leader adjust or change his style to appropriately fit the development level of his followers. A situational leader takes decisions as per the requirement of different situation; his personality and moral values enable him to take ethical actions in conflicting situation s. Indias independence crisis allowed Gandhi to show his leadership style and he helped millions of people (Rao, 2013). The leadership actions of Gandhi were extremely unconventional because he used truth, peaceful actions and nonviolence to lead protests against the British government. As provided by Kirkpatick Locke (1991), Gandhis method of protesting continues to be a good example of effective leadership because it included various traits such as honesty, integrity, self-confidence, and motivation. Like a good leader, Gandhi motivated his followers to implement honesty and integrity into their actions against the British government (Reilly Karounos, 2009). Gandhi was also driven towards his goals; he continuously fasted for twenty-one days in order to protest against the British government. The principles of King Harish Chandra learned by Gandhi in his childhood guided him while leading millions of Indians to freedom (Kaushik, 2017). Another quality of a successful leader includes self-sacrifice in order to achieve greater cause; Gandhi had made many sacrifices for protection of the rights of ot hers including lower caste communities (Lee, Berger, Awad, Brandt, Martinez, Brunicardi, 2008). For example, he stopped wearing western clothes and started wearing handmade Khadi cloths that he made himself. He also fasted for multiple days to protect the right of others. As per Goleman (2000), other than self-sacrifice, a good leader must be self-aware, emotionally intelligent, and socially knowledgeable. Gandhi possessed these qualities, and he demonstrated them throughout his lifetime, for example, he implemented his principles in his own life before asking others to follow them. According to Low (2010), a good leader understands his follower's requirements and assign them work as per their strengths and weaknesses, only a leader with self-awareness is able to effectively measure other people shortcomings and strengths. Hope is the willpower that people require to accomplish their goals; Gandhi was a hopeful person. He had the capacity to accept the reality, and he imagined a path for his followers to a better future. For instance, during his protest against Rowlatt Acts of 1919, Amritsar massacre happened, and he quickly decided to cancel the protest for the safety of people and started another protest of disobedience and boycott (Toor Ofori, 2008). He accepted his failure in the first attempt and learned from his mistakes; after that, he implemented such theories in future plans. While conducting his study on leadership, Collins (2001) researched 1,435 companies and selected 11 corporations from them which had shifted from good to great with the help of level 5 abilities of their leaders. A level 5 leadership style is a key aspect for the succes of an organization; the level 5 leadership style defines the traits of a leader which are necessary to achieve success in business operations. The level 5 leaders must have humility, and they must not be focused on self-interest. These leaders are the first one to accept blame for their own mistakes; Collins (2001) stated that often these leaders are shy, but they take decisions which other consider as risky. These traits were included in Mahatma Gandhis leadership style; he had strong will to work for others welfare. Taylor (2015) provided that Gandhi was shy from the beginning, but he took decisions which other people considered risky, for example he decided to fast till death and walked 240 miles motivate his followers. Whether transforming an organisation or leading independence movement, skills of transformation are necessary for leaders (Pyne, 2015). Kotter (1995) provided eight necessary steps which are necessary to be followed by a leader to effectively transform an organisation. These steps include a sense of urgency, powerful guidance, creating a vision, communication of vision, empowering others to act, planning and achieving small wins, consolidating improvements and initiating new approaches (Moore, 2011). These steps were included in the leadership style of Gandhi when he transformed the Indian independence movement into a national revolution. A transformational leadership require thorough knowledge of the subject; the leader assesses the change required and formulates plans as per such requirements. Gandhi told people regarding basic human rights and how the British government used illegal regulations to violet such rights (Malos, 2012). He created a sense of urgency in Indians that motivated them to join the independence movement. He established a clear vision of free India and communicated it with other Indians, and encouraged them to act on such vision non-violently (Marques, 2013). He planed and achieved small wins to motivate Indians such as boycott of British products. Gandhi was focused on combining Hindu and Muslims in Indian movement against the British government and he initiated new methods to accomplish his goals such as Dandi march, Satyagraha, disobedience and nonviolence protests (Sharma Jain, 2013). Gandhi was a situational leader, and his sacrifices and effective leadership style proved to be the spark which allowed millions of Indians to join the independence movement and ended British rule in India (Shepard, 2012). Interview Transcript Regarding Gandhis Leadership Style Following is an interview with Mr. Mohammad who is a dean in the Al Falah University. Interviewer: Hello sir, Good morning. How are you today? Mr. Mohammad: Good morning to you. I am fine. Thank you. Interviewer: Sir, I am currently making a report on Mahatma Gandhis leadership style, and I want your views on how it has influenced your leadership style. Would you be kind enough to provide your views on this topic based on your experiences? Mr. Mohammad: Yes, please. Mahatma Gandhi was a revolutionary who had a significant contribution in Indian independence movement. The initiative took by him such as disobedience, nonviolence protest, Satyagraha and Dandi march motivated a large number of Indians to join the independence movement and they protested against cruel regulations of the British government. I myself use many of his principles in my daily life to ensure proper management of my university. For example, while working with teachers and other staffs, I always maintain humility and accept my mistakes, it increased their trust in me, and they also respect my decisions. I follow and implement moral values in my life before motivating others to follow them in their lives. I forgive students for their small mistakes and teach them the importance of nonviolence. The university strictly prohibits bullying and discrimination on the campus. Interviewer: Sir what traits of Gandhi do you apply in your leadership style? Mr. Mohammad: Firstly I maintain a high level of honesty and integrity in organizations operations; each member is encouraged to tell the truth because it increases trust between individuals. I am also highly driven and motivated to achieve my objectives, and I encourage my colleagues to do the same. Gandhis peaceful nature had a positive influence on me and I try to implement it in my behavior. I am self-confidence and self-aware, and I do not blame others for my mistakes. I also maintain equality throughout the university and avoid any racial or gender discrimination between students and teachers. Gandhi was a situational leader, and in difficult situations, I try to make decisions based on his principles. Interviewer: Sir, how do you use Gandhis leadership style while teaching others regarding his principles? Mr. Mohammad: Instead of forcing others to follow the principles, I encourage them to research and understand the values given by Gandhi. We have shown documentary of Mahatma Gandhi to each class, along with teachers, and then asked students to write their personal views in a report on principles of Gandhi, which made them aware about Gandhis principles, and many students started to follow them in their lives as well. Interviewer: Sir what are your views on other leaders who were influenced by the principles of Gandhi? Mr. Mohammad: Yes, many popular leaders have implemented principles of Gandhi while leading their own movement and it is a good thing too because it promotes a culture of nonviolence and ethics in organisations. Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr. are obvious examples, both of these leaders were influenced by the nonviolence movement led by Gandhi, and they had implemented such principles during their own protests. But there are many other leaders as well which had successfully incorporated Mahatma Gandhis principles, for example, Steve Jobs was inspired by Gandhis principles; he decided Think Different as the slogan for Apple which is inspired by the quote of Gandhi - be the change you want in the world. Interviewer: Sir, how do you think modern organizations can implement Gandhis leadership style? Mr. Mohammad: I believe that implementing Gandhis leadership style can benefit corporations as well as society. The popularity of Corporate Social Responsibilities and new regulations regarding corporate disclosures are influence by principles such as honesty and integrity of the companies. These policies ensure that corporation is performing its duties with honesty and integrity, and its strategies are focused on maximising stakeholders value. The disclosures made by the companies provide evidence that corporations have a clear vision, and they are dedicated to work with high level of efficiency. Theses priciples assists in the development of society and sustainable growth of corporations. Interviewer: Sir how do you implement principles of Gandhi in your personal life? Mr. Mohammad: I have implemented various lessons of Gandhi in my life. For example, every morning I meditate and clear my head before going to the office; and I also do fasting regularly. I speak politely while talking to others and did not get frustrated or angry at their behaviour. While taking leadership decision in University, I respect low-level staff and ensure that university policies are fulfilling their interest. I stand for their right during the board of directors meetings and ensure that no discrimination or injustice is happening in the campus. Interviewer: Any final remarks Sir? Mr. Mohammad: Mahatma Gandhi was a revolutionary who led Indian independence movement through nonviolence actions. I believe everyone can implement his principle in their lives and remove social inequalities from the society. Lessons from the Interview Mr. Mohammad respects the principles of Gandhis leadership style and incorporates them in his personal and professional life. While dealing with students and teachers, he uses leadership traits of Gandhi such as honesty, integrity, non-violence, self-awareness, and humility. He maintains a positive environment in his university by restricting bullying and inequality. Mr. Mohammad has become a humble and trustworthy leader because he properly implements principles provided by Gandhi while taking leadership decision. As a leader, Mr. Mohammad also encourages his colleagues and students to learn regarding the principles provided by Gandhi, and he also initiate various programs to promote and teach students regarding the principles of Gandhi. Mr. Mohammads is deeply influenced by nonviolent movements started by Gandhi such as Dandi march, Satyagraha, and disobedience. As a leader, he ensures that university campus remains free from inequalities and bullying so that students can study without any disturbance. Instead, of forcing his views on students and his colleagues as a strict leader, Mr. Mohammad asks them to provide their personal views and opinions regardin specific situations. Just like Gandhi, Mr. Mohammad fast and meditate to clear his head and think clearly to take effective leadership decision and he also take appropriate actions regarding the rights of lower staff. A good leader always ensures that everyone in the organisation is treated equally and proper strategies are implemented by the management to fulfill their demands. Mr. Mohammad assesses the requirements of lower level staff and communicates such demands with the board of directors. Mr. Mohammad non-violently take actions for the rights of lower level staff members and ensure that proper actions are taken by the directors to morally fulfil such demands. According to him, organizations can benefit from the leadership style of Gandhi, and they can accomplish their corporate responsibilities while doing the same. Mr. Mohammad believes that principles provided by Mahatma Gandhi can assist in positive development of individuals, corporations, and society. Conclusion From the above observations, it can be concluded that Mahatma Gandhi was an inspiring leader who led the Indian independence movement with nonviolent principles. Gandhis actions encouraged many other political leaders to start their own movements for independence and to end racial discrimination. Even today his principles have a significant impact on the world. Gandhi had a unique leadership style incorporated many traits such as honesty, integrity, trust, self-awareness, humility, and others. 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